What Happens at a Traffic Stop

Under section 163 of the Road Traffic Act 1988, a constable in uniform may require the driver of a mechanically propelled vehicle to stop. This power does not require the officer to have any reason or suspicion: it is an absolute power. Failure to stop when required is a summary offence carrying a maximum fine of level 3 (£1,000). The officer may signal the driver to stop by any means, including using flashing lights, sirens, or hand signals.

Once stopped, the officer may require the driver to produce their driving licence (section 164, Road Traffic Act 1988) and to produce evidence that the vehicle is insured (section 165). If the driver cannot produce these documents at the roadside, they may be issued with an HORT/1 form (commonly known as a "producer") requiring them to present the documents at a police station within seven days.

The officer may also conduct a visual inspection of the vehicle and, if they have reasonable grounds to suspect the vehicle is defective, may prohibit its use on the road. If the officer suspects the driver of drink or drug driving, they may administer a preliminary breath test or an impairment test. If the officer suspects the vehicle is being used in connection with crime, they may search the vehicle under section 1 of PACE 1984, section 23 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, or another relevant statutory power: but they must have reasonable grounds for suspicion.

The officer does not have an automatic right to search the driver or passengers simply because a vehicle has been stopped. Any search must be based on a specific statutory power and must comply with the requirements of PACE Code A. The officer must provide GOWISELY information before any search. If the officer decides to issue a fixed penalty notice or a report for summons, they will explain the process and the driver's options. The entire interaction should be recorded on the officer's body-worn video camera.